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　　preservative—— Something used to preserve， especially a chemical added to foods to inhibit spoilage防腐剂=maintain To keep in an existing state; preserve or retain保持

　　preside over——管理，主管=manage

　　prestige—— A person's high standing among others; honor or esteem威望;尊重或敬佩=honor

　　predecessor—— One who precedes another in time， especially in holding an office or a position.前任;An ancestor; a forebear祖先;祖宗=forerunner One that precedes， as in time; a predecessor前任;An ancestor; a forebear祖先;祖宗

　　predominantly—— Most common or conspicuous; main or prevalent最主要的;最普通的=primarily

　　precede—— To come， exist， or occur before in time.先于…=prior to ，before

　　portion—— A section or quantity within a larger thing; a part of a whole部分=part

　　possess—— To have as property; own持有;拥有To have as a quality， characteristic， or other attribute具有品质、特点=have

　　potential——shavingspossibility， capability， or power有可能性的=possible

　　pertinent——shavingslogical， precise relevance to the matter at hand有关系的=relevant

　　pit—— A natural or artificial hole or cavity in the ground坑=hole

　　perception—— The capacity for such insight洞察能力=insightful Showing orshavingsinsight; perceptive有洞察力的;有悟性的

　　penetrate—— To enter or force a way into; pierce.穿过，刺入=go through

　　patron—— A customer， especially a regular customer顾客=customer

　　particle—— A very small piece or part; a tiny portion or speck一小份儿或一小点儿=speck A small spot， mark， or discoloration小斑点，小污点或小瑕疵

　　pants裤子——trousers裤子

　　rupture—— The process of breaking open or bursting裂开，突然炸开=burst

　　rural—— Of， relating to， or characteristic of the country农村的=country

　　rudimentary——Being in the earliest stages of development; incipient处于发展的最早阶段的=undeveloped， unsophisticated

　　rotate——To turn around on an axis or center绕轴或中心转动=turn， swirl

　　To proceed in sequence; take turns or alternate循环，交替或轮换=alternate

　　robust—— Full of health and strength; vigorous健康和有力的=strong

　　roam—— To move about without purpose or plan; wander漫游=wander

　　rigidity—— An instance of being rigid僵化，严厉=stiffness