独立写作的框架：
(开头50字，结尾50字，中间分三段，每段80个字。)
Definition
1.1Hook History
Importance
1. Introduction Controversy
Quotation
1.2 Bridge
1.3 Main point
1.1 Hook常用表达：
1. Contrary to what most people believe, ( ) are not a modern concept.
1.11 History 2. ( ) have a venerable history, dating back to thousands of years ago.
3. ( ) have a history nearly as long as human civilization itself.
4. Ancient Chinese/ ancient Egyptians/ ancient Indians/ cavemen ( ).These activities can be seen as the earliest forms of ( ).
1. ( ) be playing an increasingly important role in ( ).
2. ( ) be an indispensable part in ( ).
1.12Importance 3. ( ) has/ve had enormous (tremendous) impacts (influences/effects) on every aspect (fact) of ( ).
4. ( ) has/ve evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry.
1. Opinions about ( )’s effects on ( ) have varied.
1.13Controversy
2. Has created considerable controversy in/among ( ).
Native (本土化)
1.14Quotation Explanation ( sb ), one of the greater and most influential (most brilliant, foremost) Chinese (philosophers, scholars, educators, thinkers, writers, artists, statesmen, military, leaders, scientists …)(of the 20th century) remarked (commented, has put it),“…”.
Imagination (Mencius) history is a clear mirror, history is a bright lamp, history is a wise teacher.
(Confucius 子曰)具体内容见讲义附录
Introduction 除了用hook 之外，还可以用 question (bridge) 的格式来写。
Bridge quotation (hook)
Main point MP
1.2Bridge的常用表达 设问法 1.the question is“…”
2.( )constantly find themselves confronted.
虚拟观点 — some educators argue that adolescents are encourage to study more.
1.3Main point 设问法(回答问题)—— I believe the answer is yes (no).
虚拟观点 —— I (dis)agree with this opinion, the reasons are as follows.
2.Body：
Sub point 分论点
连接词：Logical word: First (to begin with, for starters)
Second
Finally (last, but not least)
并列：besides, in addition to (prep)
In addition, furthermore, moreover (adv)
递进：more important, most important, about all (adv)
(副词后面不能加名词)
转折：but, yet, however
让步：although, though, despite, the fact that
对比：on the one hand, on the other hand
3. Conclusion:
3.1 Logical word:
All in all, in a nutshell, in summary, in conclusion
3.2 Paraphrase
MP & gist sentence (排比方式) 讲义上有例子
3.3 Final comments:
Suggestion
Quotation (如果开头用了名人，结尾可以用身边的人)
Positive:
As (name), ( ), has wisely put it, “make the best of every thing.” we should explore its benefits (advantages) to the full extent to serve the best interests of ( ).
Negative:
As (name), ( ), has wisely put it,“( )”, it is high time (it is imperative) to take effective measures to reduce its negative impacts (address the problem) to promote (ensure) the interests (well- being) of ( ).
Positive & negative
(Name), ( ), has wisely put it, “everything has its good and evil sides/( ) is a double-edged sword .” as a result, we should … and, in the meantime, …to…
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