Questions 12-20

　　In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmer

　　as society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between the

　　Revolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of

　　(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently by

　　Thomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a good

　　society, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at

　　(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economic

　　enterprise.

　　Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and

　　(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,

　　government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.

　　For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophers

　　had for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become

　　(20) more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprang

　　up throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops and

　　pure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .

　　They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmers

　　streamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded

　　(25) less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States cities

　　and industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived because

　　of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .

　　12.What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson

　　(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture

　　(c)Improvements in farming techniques

　　(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer