托福听力每日一练第31天：
演讲听写训练1：
In the 18th century French economists protested the excessive regulation of business by the government. Their motto was laisser faire（自由主义）. Laisser faire means let the people do as they choose. In the economic sense, this meant that while the government should be responsible for things like maintaining peace and protecting property fights, it should not interfere with private business. It shouldn't create regulations that might hinder business growth, nor should it be responsible for providing subsidies to help. In other words, governments should take hands off approach to business. For a while in the United States, laisser faire was a popular doctrine. But things quickly changed. After the Civil War, politicians rarely opposed the government’s generous support of business owners. They were only too glad to support government land grants and loans to railroad owners for example. Their regulations kept tariffs high and that helped protect American industrialists against foreign competition. Ironically in the late 19th century, a lot of people believed that the laisser faire policy was responsible for the countries industrial growth. It was generally assumed that because business owners did not have a lot of external restrictions placed on them by the government, they could pursue their own interests, and this was what made them so successful. But in fact, many of these individuals would not have been able to meet their objective if not for government support.
演讲听写训练2：
Let's begin today by discussing enzymes. Enzymes are what make many of the body's biochemical reactions possible. Actually biochemical reactions can take place without them, but at much lower rates. In fact an enzyme may cause a reaction to proceed billions of times faster than it would otherwise. Before I go on to the biochemical specifics of how this works, let me provide a figurative example. I think it will help illustrate the power of enzymes more clearly. Now, suppose you got a bag and you put a bunch of locks in it, just small padlocks（挂锁）. Then you put in all the keys that go with the locks. And you closed the bag and shook it hard. No matter how long you shook, chances are very small that any key would get inserted in any of the locks. But if you took them all out of the bag and this time used your hands to insert the keys in the locks, you could combine them much quicker.
Enzymes act like your hands, quickly allowing chemical reactions that would otherwise take much longer. Now, there are 2 reasons that enzymes are so effective at enabling biochemical reactions. First enzymes greatly reduce the amount of energy required to start the reactions, and with less energy needed the reactions can proceed a lot faster than they could without the enzyme. The second reason is that on a small amount of an enzyme is needed to enable the biochemical reaction. That's because the chemical structure of the enzyme itself does not become altered as if enables the reaction. So a single enzyme can be used to start the same biochemical reaction over and over again.
演讲听写训练3：
Today I'd like to talk about the sculptor Henry Moore, in particular the ideas his work is based on, and also how he viewed the medium of sculpture. Moore said that to appreciate sculpture a person needs to respond to form in all of its 3 dimensions. He believed that this is more difficult than responding to art that is done on a flat surface, a surface such as canvas that has only 2 dimensions. For example, when you're looking at a painting you don't have to walk around it. You don't relate to form and shape in the same way you do when looking a sculpture. Moore paid great attention to shapes in nature such as that of bones and shells and stones. He thought that if you could appreciate the shape of something simple, like a stone then you could go on to appreciate more complex forms. He noticed that many of the stones he picked up had holes in them. One distinctive feature of Moore's sculpture is his use of holes or opening to emphasize that he is indeed working in a 3 dimensional medium. He believed that the shape of hole itself could have much meaning as that of solid mass, and could even help create a sense of mass or volume. Moore was also interested in representing the human figure, which he sculpted in such materials as bronze, stone, and wood. His sculptures of humans contained one person as in the work reclining figure or several people as in the sculpture family group.
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