一. 不一致(disagreements) 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等. 例1. when one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.) 剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致. 改为: once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 二. 修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers) 英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末. 三. 句子不完整(sentence fragments) 在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生. 例1. there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析:本句后半部分"for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句. 改为:there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper. 四. 悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers) 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了. 改为: when i was ten, my grandfather died. 例1. to do well in college, good grades are essential. 剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚. 改为: to do well in college, a student needs good grades. 五. 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech) “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等. 例1. none can negative the importance of money. 剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 改为: none can deny the importance of money. 六. 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句: mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. (玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。) |