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细数雅思写作中的英汉表达差异

  在雅思写作的教学过程中,有机会批改了大量同学的雅思作文,在这些作文当中,有大量的同学并不了解英汉两种语言的基本差别,从而以汉语思维直接照搬到英语上来,写出了很多富有“中国特色”的句子,因此,本文将向同学们简要介绍英汉写作中最核心的表达差异,以期对同学的雅思写作有所帮助。

  英语重形合,汉语重意合

  英语是一种非常讲究语法的语言,而语法关系则通过一定的外显形态标记来表现;而中文则不用形态变化,靠词序、虚词、上下文关系等来表达语法关系。正如王力先生在《中国语法理论》“欧化的语法”一章中说:中国话里多用意合法,联结成分并非必须;西文多用形合法,联结成分在大多数情况下是必不可少的。” 如:

  他正在看这本书。He is reading this book.

  他已经看了这本书。He has read this book.

  这个例子比较简单,很多同学对此已经比较熟悉了,但是在写作中却经常有同学在这些方面错误不断。

  在汉语里,句子和句子之间通过内在的意义而非形式的逻辑关系来连接,因此常常省略连词、代词等成分。如:

  要大力弘扬新时代的雷锋精神!

  发展体育运动,增强人民体质!

  因此我们可以看出,在汉语中,连接手段是非必须的,人们完全可以通过全句整体来判断出词语前后隐含的关系。而在英文中,这种隐含的关系必须被“显性”化。如:

  他买了台电脑,花了六千块。

  就绝对不能写成:He bought a computer, spent 6000 yuan.

  而必须写成:He bought a computer which cost him 6000 yuan.或 He spent 6000 yuan on a computer.

  他今天没来,妈妈住院了。

  就不能写成:He is absent today, mother is ill.

  而要写成:He is absent today because his mother is hospitalized.

  这种只求“意思”不讲“形式”的句子在汉语里比比皆是,如:

  我们换个地方,教室正在上课呢!

  现在很饿了,我们去吃食堂!

  十块钱一下子就花光了!

  如果不考虑英汉的差别,直接按照中文思维写出:We change a place,the classroom is having a class./ Now is hungry, we go to eat the dining hall./Ten yuan spends finished. 之类则要闹出大笑话来。

英语前重心,汉语后重心

  先来看一个例子,一封来自学员的E-mail:

  Dear Kevin,

  Though I know you are busy, will you give me some minutes, I had to go to work as long as I finished the class today, so I am off duty until now because the problem of double roles made me so boring and tired ,I work in a hospital and it is also teaching hospital ,and I will be a player to attend teaching competition,too much things I have to face and even these days I had to stay up all night. will you do me a favour that tell me how to balance the problem between work and study?Latter I will email the homework to you which you gave me this afternoon .