在官方公布的写作评分描述中有一项Coherence and Cohesion 。这一项是涉及要点最多，却最为广大教学工作者和学生所忽视的一项。该项目涉及三大要点：文章信息点安排(information and ideas organization)、衔接手段(cohesive device)和分段(paragraphing).其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的评分描述中被重点强调。

本文将重点关注该项目中所提到的Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)。

Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文：

Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use

6分第二条原文为：

Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;

6分第三条提到：

May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately

与之对应的5分第二条为：

Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices

5 分第三条为：

May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution

由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出，referencing(指代关系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(衔接手段)的表现，而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。

那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device(衔接手段)究竟是什么呢?

Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)定义：

能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。

逻辑关系主要涉及：并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举列。

具体来看，可分成以下三类：

Lexical aspect:(词汇方面)

Linking word(连词)：

并列或递进关系：and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等

让步或转折关系：but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等

因果关系：because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;

举例：like

Linking phrase(短语)：

并列或递进关系：not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that

让步或转折关系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of， It is true that…;

因果关系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case

举例：for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as

Adverb (副词)：

并列或递进关系：additionally; similarly; alternatively;

让步或转折关系: surprisingly; admittedly

因果关系: consequently; eventually;

举例：especially;